PA 577, PA 578 Glossary

Terry Nichols Clark articles-

Clientelism

Clientelism is a form of social organization characterized by a "patron-client" relationship. In such a setting, relatively powerful "patrons" promise to provide relatively powerless "clients" with jobs, protection, infrastructure, and other benefits in exchange for votes and other forms of loyalty. While clientelism involves a mutual exchange of favors, these relationships can also be exploitative. Patrons are often unaccountable for their actions.

Clientelism is used to describe relationships between local government political leaders and the population in big cities in the US, up until about 1980. In New York, Boston, and Chicago, the concept of " machine" politics meant that the polirical party in power, usually the Democratic Party, was able to create a machine for turning out votes at every election by using clientelism- promising jobs, favors, and contracts in exchange for votes.

依持主义：一种赞助者和“客户”之间的互动关系，赞助者往往是有钱有势的政治家，官员等，向相对处于弱势地位的“客户”提供就业机会，保护，资源等，以换取他们的支持或投票。政治选举的拉票 可以看成一种 clientelism。

Growth machine

The growth machine is a term used to describe local government politics in many cities in the US. In this model, the political leaders develop a coalition with business leaders, particularly those whose businesses depend upon increasing local population for growth- newspapers, retail stores, insurance, real estate, and construction businesses- to promote growth that will lead to increased profits. The machine characterizes the kind of policies and programs that the coalition will support- those that make the local government into a machine for generating profits for business.

Entertainment machine

In a way similar to the concepts of machine politics and the growth machine, the entertainment machine has been used to describe urban politics in Chicago and some other cities in the last twenty years. Big cities have become the location of entertainment, not only for visitors and conventions, but for newly arriving local people as well. With the increase in wealth of people moving to cities, and the need for cities to attract "gold collar" jobs (instead of lower or middlle class "blue collar" jobs) cities cannot attract such people with clientelist programs such as favors or jobs. Cities need to make themselves attractive to people who can put more value on culture, beauty, and arts. The City of Chicago, for example, has used its Cultural Affairs Department to attract events from around the world, in a way that would have been unheard of in Chicago of forty years ago. The City government does this because it needs to make Chicago attractive to people who want to see such events, not just sports teams and museums.


Real estate terms-

Bundle of rights

The bundle of rights is a common way to explain the complexities of property ownership. Teachers often use this concept as a way to organize confusing and sometimes contradictory data about real estate. The bundle of rights is commonly taught in US first-year law school property classes to explain how property righs can simultaneously be divided among multiple parties.
It is useful to imagine a bundle of rights that can be separated and reassembled. A "stack of sticks" - in which each stick represents an individual right - is a common analogy made for the bundle of rights. Any property owner possesses a set of sticks related directly to the land. An owner can treat each stick as independent of the others, and can, for example, rent or mortgage one particualar stick wihout necessarily giving up rights to the other sticks.

一捆的权利：这个术语以较为易懂的方式解释了所有权的复杂性。在房地产领域较为常见。这个术语常用来解释一个所有物是怎样同时被多方“拥有”。

想象一捆的权利能被分散再聚集。“一堆棍子”――在其中每一根棍子代表一个人的权利――是由一捆的权利引申出来的一个类比。任意一个所有权拥有者都享有与土地直接相联系的那一些棍子。

Fee simple无条件继承的不动产(权)
Fee simple is the term used to describe a property owner who has the full bundle of sticks of property rights. For example, an owner of a single family home is usually described as having fee simple ownership, which means that the ownership is not shared with another person or family.

Property taxes-

Equalization平等

Levy 征收（捐税，罚款等）
Extension扩展
Assessment评估
Homestead【法】 宅基地, 住宅
Appraiser 估价人
Regression 倒退
Mandate 授权于，命令
Augment 扩大，增加
Poll tax人头税(poll tax或head tax)是种向每一个人课相同，定额的税种。


Capital plan and bonds-

Inventory存货
Acquisition 获得
Facility 设施，设备
Maintenance 维修，保养
Prioritize 确定（事项）的优先次序
Ratify （正式）批准
Executive summary 在会议中给上级领导看的总结报告
Premium 额外补贴，保险费
Bidding ( 拍卖时的) 出价
Feasibility 可行性
Offset 抵消
Demographic 人口的
Underwriter 担保人
Portfolio （一投资者所持有的）投资组合
Volatile （价格）不稳定的


Porter, Chapter 1-

Pendulum 钟摆
Paradigm 范例，样式
Subsidy补贴，津贴
Deficit 赤字
Amorphous 无一定方向的
Per capita 每人，按人计算的
Stringent 短缺的，急需的
Boost 增强
Apparel 服饰
Vis-à-vis 和…面对面
Per se 本身
Exogenous 外因的
Endogenous 自生的
Jurisdiction 司法；管辖权
Safety net （为失业者提供的）安全保障
Public Works 公共工程
Initiatives 主动权
Guarantee 保证
Eligible 合格的
Incentive 刺激，鼓励
Partial 偏袒，不公的
Ideological 思想上的
Empirical 经验主义的
Buttoned-down 有领尖钉有纽扣领圈的衬衫
Pragmatism 实用主义
Irony 冷嘲，反语
Circular and cumulative causation循环累积因果关系'


Development economics-

Feedback 反馈
Stagnation 停滞
Dualism 两重性
Disequilibrium 失去平衡，失调
Linkage 联系
Threshold 门槛
Economies of scale 规模经济
Comparative advantage 比较优势
Linear 线的
Oligopolist 寡头 a market with only a few producers, who control the market. An oligopolist whould be one such producer.
Grilling 炙烤般的
Capsulization 概述
Metaphor 隐喻
Perfect-competition 完全竞争
Marginal 边际的
Horizontal 水平的
Irrationality 无理性，不合理
Nonsensical 荒谬的
Expenditure 支出
Cost-effective 有成本效益的，有利可图的
Sustainable development 可持续发展
Intangible 无形的
Business retention 商业保持
Industry cluster产业集群(Industry Cluster)是一群地域上彼此邻近的公司和机构,它们属于同一个行业且彼此互相联系。

Extension services In some American universities, there are technical assistance programs to help local people in various ways, using the skills and experience of the university faculty. Extension programs started by helping farmers grow better crops, or use better seeds. Recently, urban universities have begun to assist businesses with technical problems, from manufacturing to personnel. In some cases, the US government supports such efforts with funds.

Productivity 生产率
Agglomeration economies集聚经济效益
Facilitate 使便利
Entrepreneurship 企业家精神
Pecuniary 金钱上的
Incubator 孵化器
Venture capital 风险资本
Equity 股本
Capital 资本
Inputs of knowledge 知识投入
Amenity (环境) 舒适


General terms-

Globalism 全球主义
Rationale 理论基础
Fiscal 财政的
Erroneously 错误的


Planning and economic development-

Brownfield被污染的区域
Contamination 污染

Smokestack chasing In the 1960's and 1970's, and even into the 1980's, competition among states and local governments for jobs and tax base led some states, mostly in the US south, such as Texas, Alabama, and North Carolina, to send business promotion and attraction teams to cities in the north, trying to get factories to close their plants in the north and move to the south. State governments would provide tax breaks, low cost loans, and other incentives to get factories to move. Since factories usually have a smokestack, this process was called smokestack chasing. It has fallen out of favor as an economic development tool in the US, since it has been shown not to accomplish much and was mostly just a giveaway to businesses.

Cyclical instability 周期性波动
Revitalize 使有新的活力
Monopoly 垄断
Tariff 关税
Quota 配额
Protectionist 保护主义者
Commercialization 商业化
Capitalize 使资本化
Consortia 合伙
Spillover 大得无法被容纳
R&D Research and Development 研发
Rivalry 竞争
Path dependence路径依赖(path dependence) 经济学家认为,路径依赖类似于物理学中的“惯性”,一旦进入某一路径(无论是“好”的还是“坏”的)就可能对这种路径产生依赖。

Community and neighborhood –community 的概念比neighborhood概念更广。Community不仅可指地域性的概念，一个社区，还可指社会上某一类人由于兴趣或者其他共同特征而聚集在一起。Neighborhood仅限于指邻里。

Neo-urbanism新都市主义，关键内容在于：（1）重新改建市中心区域，使之重新成为居民集中的地点；（2）建立新的密切的邻里关系和城市生活内容。

Growth management 增长管理